Toxicology is the study of the nature and mechanisms underlying toxic effects exerted by substances on living organisms and other biological systems. Toxicology also deal with quantitative assessment of the adverse effect in relation to the concentration of dosage, duration, and frequency of exposure of the organisms. Along with other sciences, toxicology contributes to the development of safer chemicals used as drugs, food additives, and agricultural chemicals and industrial chemicals. In this course, the students will study 1) the general aspect of toxicology (in particular, chemical toxicology and molecular toxicology), 2) biotransformation of toxicants involved in the detoxification and metabolic activation resulting in dysfunction of macromolecules and cell damage, 3) initial response and cellular protection against toxicants, and 4) toxicological evaluation.